Japan

Voluntary or Mandatory: 
Voluntary
History: 

The Social Security and Tax Number System

This website includes English translation of the important policy decisions regarding Identity cards implementation in Japan. Information is prepared by the Social Security Reform Office and IT Policy Office, Cabinet Secretariat of Japan.

Additional Information: 

http://digitaldebateblogs.typepad.com/digital_identity/2006/12/how_to_ma...

http://www.futuregov.asia/articles/2009/mar/02/japan-introduces-id-cards...

http://seeker401.wordpress.com/2011/02/05/japanese-citizens-face-id-day/

Below see paper by Fumio Shimpo Associate Professor at Keio University entitled:

The Definition of the Term 'Life-Logs' and Related Legal Accountability Issues concerning
Their Use